# Guia de Estilo SQL ## Visão Geral Você pode utilizar esse conjunto de diretrizes, [fazer um fork][fork] ou criar seu próprio - a chave é que você selecione um estilo e o siga. Para sugerir alterações ou correções de bugs, por favor abra uma [issue][issue] ou faça um [pull request][pull] no GitHub. Essas diretrizes são desenhadas para serem compatíveis com o livro [SQL Programming Style][celko] de Joe Celko, para ser adotado por times que já leram o livro mais facilmente. Esse guia é um pouco mais opiniativo em algumas áreas, enquanto em outras, é mais relaxado. É certamente mais sucinto que [o livro de Celko][celko], já que ele contém anedotas e racicínios por trás de cada regra para reflexão. É fácil incluir esse guia com o [formato Markdown][dl-md] como parte do código base de um projeto, ou referenciá-lo aqui para que qualquer um no projeto possa ler livremente - muito mais dificil com um livro físico. O Guia De Estilo SQL por [Simon Holywell][simon] é licenciaso sob a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License][licence]. Baseado no trabalho em [http://www.sqlstyle.guide][sqlstyleguide]. ## Geral ### Faça * Utilize identificadores e nomes consistentes e descritivos. * Faça uso criterioso de espaços em branco e indentação para tornar o código mais fácil de ler. * Armazene informações de data e hora compatíveis com [ISO-8601][iso-8601] (`YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.SSSSS`). * Por questões de portabilidade, tente utilizar apenas funções SQL padrão ao invés de funções específicas de servidores SQL de empresas. * Mantenha o código sucinto e desprovido de SQL redundante - como adição de aspas e parênteses desencessários, ou cláusulas WHERE que podem ser derivadas. * Inclua comentários no código SQL quando necessário. Utilize o estilo C abrindo com `/*` e fechando com `*/` onde possível. Onde não for possível, preceda os comentários com `--` e termine com uma nova linha. ```sql SELECT file_hash -- stored ssdeep hash FROM file_system WHERE file_name = '.vimrc'; ``` ```sql /* Updating the file record after writing to the file */ UPDATE file_system SET file_modified_date = '1980-02-22 13:19:01.00000', file_size = 209732 WHERE file_name = '.vimrc'; ``` ### Evite * CamelCase—é dificil para efetuar buscas rapidamente. * Prefixos descritivos ou notação Húngara como `sp_` ou `tbl`. * Plurais—utilize um termo coletivo onde possível. Por exemplo, `pessoal` ao invés de `funcionários` ou `pessoa` no lugar de `indivíduos`. * Identificadores entre aspas-se você precisar utilizá-los, então utilize a as aspas duplas SQL92 por questões de portabilidade (dependendo da desenvolvedora, pode ser necessário configurar seu servidor SQL para suportar isso). * Princípios de design orientado a objetos não devem ser aplicados ao SQL ou a estrutura de bancos de dados. ## Convenções de nomenclatura ### Geral * Tenha certeza que o nome é único e não existe como uma [palavra reservada][reserved-keywords]. * Mantenha o comprimento até um tamanho máximo de 30 bytes-na prática isso são 30 caracateres, a não ser que você esteja utilizando um conjunto de caracateres multi-byte. * Nomes devem começar com uma letra e não devem terminar com underscore. * Utilize apenas letras, números e underscores em nomes. * Evite o uso de multiplos underscores consecutivos-eles podem ser dificeis de se ler. * Utilize underscores onde você normalemnte incluiria um espaço no nome (primeiro nome se torna `primeiro_nome`). * Evite abreviações. Se você precisar utilizá-las, tenha certeza de que elas serão amplamente compreendidas. ```sql SELECT first_name FROM staff; ``` ### Tabelas * Utilize um nome coletivo ou de forma menos ideal, uma forma plural. Por exemplo, (em ordem de preferência) `pessoal` e `empregados`. * Não utilize prefixos com `tbl` ou qualquer outro prefixo descritivo ou notação Húngara. * Nunca dê a uma tabela o mesmo nome de uma das suas colunas e vice versa. * Evite, quando possível, concatenar dois nomes de tabelas para criar o nome de uma tabela de relacionamento. Ao invés de utilizar `mecanicos_de_carro`, prefira `servicos`. ### Colunas * Sempre utilize nomes no singular. * Quando possível, evite simplesmente usar `id` como o identificador primário da tabela. * Não adicione uma coluna com o mesmo nome da tabela e vice versa. * Sempre utilize caixa baixa, exceto onde fizer sentido a sua utilização. Como em nomes próprios. ### Aliasing ou correlações * Deve se relacionar de alguma forma com o objeto ou expressão em que o aliasing está sendo aplicado. * Como regra geral, o nome da correlação deve ser a primeira letra de cada palavra do nome do objeto. * Se já existe uma correlação com o mesmo nome, acrescente um número. * Sempre inclua a palavra-chave `AS`-torna mais fácil de ler, pois é explícito. * Para dados computados (`SUM()` ou `AVG()`), utilize o nome que você daria se fosse uma coluna definida no schema. ```sql SELECT first_name AS fn FROM staff AS s1 JOIN students AS s2 ON s2.mentor_id = s1.staff_num; ``` ```sql SELECT SUM(s.monitor_tally) AS monitor_total FROM staff AS s; ``` ### Stored procedures * O nome deve conter um verbo. * Não adicione `sp_` ou qualquer outro prefixo descritivo ou notação Húngara. ### Sufixos uniformes Os sufixos seguintes tem sentido universal, garantindo que as colunas possam ser lidas e compreendedidas facilmente no código SQL. Utilize os sufixos corretos onde for apropriado. * `_id`—um identificador único, como uma coluna que é a chave primária. * `_status`—flag value ou outro status de qualquer tipo, como `publication_status`. * `_total`—o total ou a soma de uma coleção de valores. * `_num`—indica que o campo contém qualquer tipo de número. * `_name`—significa um nome, como `first_name`. * `_seq`—contém uma sequência contígua de valores. * `_seq`—contains a contiguous sequence of values. * `_date`—indica uma coluna que contém a data de alguma coisa. * `_tally`—uma contagem. * `_size`—o tamanho de algo, como o tamanho de um arquivo ou de uma roupa. * `_addr`—um endereço. Pode ser físico ou intangível, como por exemplo `ip_addr`. ## Sintaxe de Queries ### Palavras reservadas Sempre utilize caixa alta para as [palavras-chave reservadas][reserved-keywords] como `SELECT` e `WHERE` É melhor evitar palaras reservadas abreviadas e utilizar as que tem o nome completo (prefira `ABSOLUTE` ao invés de `ABS`). Não utilize palavras-chave específicas do servidor de banco de dados onde uma palavra-chave ANSI SQL já existe performando a mesma função. Isso ajuda a manter o código mais portátil. ```sql SELECT model_num FROM phones AS p WHERE p.release_date > '2014-09-30'; ``` ### Espaços em branco Para tornar o código mais fácil de ler, é importante que o cumprimento correto de espaçamento esteja sendo utilizado. Não coloque código ou remova espaços naturais da linguagem. #### Espaços Espaços devem ser utilizados para alinhar o código, de forma que as palavras-chaves raíz terminem sempre no mesmo limite de caracteres. Isso forma um rio no meio, tornando fácil para os leitores baterem o olho, visualizar o código e separar as palavras-chave dos detalhes de implementação. Rios são [ruins na tipografia][rivers], mas úteis aqui. ```sql (SELECT f.species_name, AVG(f.height) AS average_height, AVG(f.diameter) AS average_diameter FROM flora AS f WHERE f.species_name = 'Banksia' OR f.species_name = 'Sheoak' OR f.species_name = 'Wattle' GROUP BY f.species_name, f.observation_date) UNION ALL (SELECT b.species_name, AVG(b.height) AS average_height, AVG(b.diameter) AS average_diameter FROM botanic_garden_flora AS b WHERE b.species_name = 'Banksia' OR b.species_name = 'Sheoak' OR b.species_name = 'Wattle' GROUP BY b.species_name, b.observation_date) ``` Notuqe que o `SELECT`, `FROM`, etc. estão todos a direita, alinhados, enquanto os nomes das colunas em si e os detalhes específicos de implementação estão alinhados à esquerda. Although not exhaustive always include spaces: * before and after equals (`=`) * after commas (`,`) * surrounding apostrophes (`'`) where not within parentheses or with a trailing comma or semicolon. ```sql SELECT a.title, a.release_date, a.recording_date FROM albums AS a WHERE a.title = 'Charcoal Lane' OR a.title = 'The New Danger'; ``` #### Line spacing Always include newlines/vertical space: * before `AND` or `OR` * after semicolons to separate queries for easier reading * after each keyword definition * after a comma when separating multiple columns into logical groups * to separate code into related sections, which helps to ease the readability of large chunks of code. Keeping all the keywords aligned to the righthand side and the values left aligned creates a uniform gap down the middle of query. It makes it much easier to scan the query definition over quickly too. ```sql INSERT INTO albums (title, release_date, recording_date) VALUES ('Charcoal Lane', '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000', '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'), ('The New Danger', '2008-01-01 01:01:01.00000', '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000'); ``` ```sql UPDATE albums SET release_date = '1990-01-01 01:01:01.00000' WHERE title = 'The New Danger'; ``` ```sql SELECT a.title, a.release_date, a.recording_date, a.production_date -- grouped dates together FROM albums AS a WHERE a.title = 'Charcoal Lane' OR a.title = 'The New Danger'; ``` ### Indentation To ensure that SQL is readable it is important that standards of indentation are followed. #### Joins Joins should be indented to the other side of the river and grouped with a new line where necessary. ```sql SELECT r.last_name FROM riders AS r INNER JOIN bikes AS b ON r.bike_vin_num = b.vin_num AND b.engines > 2 INNER JOIN crew AS c ON r.crew_chief_last_name = c.last_name AND c.chief = 'Y'; ``` #### Subqueries Subqueries should also be aligned to the right side of the river and then laid out using the same style as any other query. Sometimes it will make sense to have the closing parenthesis on a new line at the same character position as it's opening partner—this is especially true where you have nested subqueries. ```sql SELECT r.last_name, (SELECT MAX(YEAR(championship_date)) FROM champions AS c WHERE c.last_name = r.last_name AND c.confirmed = 'Y') AS last_championship_year FROM riders AS r WHERE r.last_name IN (SELECT c.last_name FROM champions AS c WHERE YEAR(championship_date) > '2008' AND c.confirmed = 'Y'); ``` ### Preferred formalisms * Make use of `BETWEEN` where possible instead of combining multiple statements with `AND`. * Similarly use `IN()` instead of multiple `OR` clauses. * Where a value needs to be interpreted before leaving the database use the `CASE` expression. `CASE` statements can be nested to form more complex logical structures. * Avoid the use of `UNION` clauses and temporary tables where possible. If the schema can be optimised to remove the reliance on these features then it most likely should be. ```sql SELECT CASE postcode WHEN 'BN1' THEN 'Brighton' WHEN 'EH1' THEN 'Edinburgh' END AS city FROM office_locations WHERE country = 'United Kingdom' AND opening_time BETWEEN 8 AND 9 AND postcode IN ('EH1', 'BN1', 'NN1', 'KW1') ``` ## Create syntax When declaring schema information it is also important to maintain human readable code. To facilitate this ensure the column definitions are ordered and grouped where it makes sense to do so. Indent column definitions by four (4) spaces within the `CREATE` definition. ### Choosing data types * Where possible do not use vendor specific data types—these are not portable and may not be available in older versions of the same vendor's software. * Only use `REAL` or `FLOAT` types where it is strictly necessary for floating point mathematics otherwise prefer `NUMERIC` and `DECIMAL` at all times. Floating point rounding errors are a nuisance! ### Specifying default values * The default value must be the same type as the column—if a column is declared a `DECIMAL` do not provide an `INTEGER` default value. * Default values must follow the data type declaration and come before any `NOT NULL` statement. ### Constraints and keys Constraints and their subset, keys, are a very important component of any database definition. They can quickly become very difficult to read and reason about though so it is important that a standard set of guidelines are followed. #### Choosing keys Deciding the column(s) that will form the keys in the definition should be a carefully considered activity as it will effect performance and data integrity. 1. The key should be unique to some degree. 2. Consistency in terms of data type for the value across the schema and a lower likelihood of this changing in the future. 3. Can the value be validated against a standard format (such as one published by ISO)? Encouraging conformity to point 2. 4. Keeping the key as simple as possible whilst not being scared to use compound keys where necessary. It is a reasoned and considered balancing act to be performed at the definition of a database. Should requirements evolve in the future it is possible to make changes to the definitions to keep them up to date. #### Defining constraints Once the keys are decided it is possible to define them in the system using constraints along with field value validation. ##### General * Tables must have at least one key to be complete and useful. * Constraints should be given a custom name excepting `UNIQUE`, `PRIMARY KEY` and `FOREIGN KEY` where the database vendor will generally supply sufficiently intelligible names automatically. ##### Layout and order * Specify the primary key first right after the `CREATE TABLE` statement. * Constraints should be defined directly beneath the column they correspond to. Indent the constraint so that it aligns to the right of the column name. * If it is a multi-column constraint then consider putting it as close to both column definitions as possible and where this is difficult as a last resort include them at the end of the `CREATE TABLE` definition. * If it is a table level constraint that applies to the entire table then it should also appear at the end. * Use alphabetical order where `ON DELETE` comes before `ON UPDATE`. * If it make senses to do so align each aspect of the query on the same character position. For example all `NOT NULL` definitions could start at the same character position. This is not hard and fast, but it certainly makes the code much easier to scan and read. ##### Validation * Use `LIKE` and `SIMILAR TO` constraints to ensure the integrity of strings where the format is known. * Where the ultimate range of a numerical value is known it must be written as a range `CHECK()` to prevent incorrect values entering the database or the silent truncation of data too large to fit the column definition. In the least it should check that the value is greater than zero in most cases. * `CHECK()` constraints should be kept in separate clauses to ease debugging. ##### Example ```sql CREATE TABLE staff ( PRIMARY KEY (staff_num), staff_num INT(5) NOT NULL, first_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, pens_in_drawer INT(2) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT pens_in_drawer_range CHECK(pens_in_drawer >= 1 AND pens_in_drawer < 100) ); ``` ### Designs to avoid * Object oriented design principles do not effectively translate to relational database designs—avoid this pitfall. * Placing the value in one column and the units in another column. The column should make the units self evident to prevent the requirement to combine columns again later in the application. Use `CHECK()` to ensure valid data is inserted into the column. * [EAV (Entity Attribute Value)][eav] tables—use a specialist product intended for handling such schema-less data instead. * Splitting up data that should be in one table across many because of arbitrary concerns such as time-based archiving or location in a multi-national organisation. Later queries must then work across multiple tables with `UNION` rather than just simply querying one table. ## Appendix ### Reserved keyword reference A list of ANSI SQL (92, 99 and 2003), MySQL 3 to 5.x, PostgreSQL 8.1, MS SQL Server 2000, MS ODBC and Oracle 10.2 reserved keywords. ```sql A ABORT ABS ABSOLUTE ACCESS ACTION ADA ADD ADMIN AFTER AGGREGATE ALIAS ALL ALLOCATE ALSO ALTER ALWAYS ANALYSE ANALYZE AND ANY ARE ARRAY AS ASC ASENSITIVE ASSERTION ASSIGNMENT ASYMMETRIC AT ATOMIC ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTES AUDIT AUTHORIZATION AUTO_INCREMENT AVG AVG_ROW_LENGTH BACKUP BACKWARD BEFORE BEGIN BERNOULLI BETWEEN BIGINT BINARY BIT BIT_LENGTH BITVAR BLOB BOOL BOOLEAN BOTH BREADTH BREAK BROWSE BULK BY C CACHE CALL CALLED CARDINALITY CASCADE CASCADED CASE CAST CATALOG CATALOG_NAME CEIL CEILING CHAIN CHANGE CHAR CHAR_LENGTH CHARACTER CHARACTER_LENGTH CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG CHARACTER_SET_NAME CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERS CHECK CHECKED CHECKPOINT CHECKSUM CLASS CLASS_ORIGIN CLOB CLOSE CLUSTER CLUSTERED COALESCE COBOL COLLATE COLLATION COLLATION_CATALOG COLLATION_NAME COLLATION_SCHEMA COLLECT COLUMN COLUMN_NAME COLUMNS COMMAND_FUNCTION COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE COMMENT COMMIT COMMITTED COMPLETION COMPRESS COMPUTE CONDITION CONDITION_NUMBER CONNECT CONNECTION CONNECTION_NAME CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_CATALOG CONSTRAINT_NAME CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA CONSTRAINTS CONSTRUCTOR CONTAINS CONTAINSTABLE CONTINUE CONVERSION CONVERT COPY CORR CORRESPONDING COUNT COVAR_POP COVAR_SAMP CREATE CREATEDB CREATEROLE CREATEUSER CROSS CSV CUBE CUME_DIST CURRENT CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP CURRENT_PATH CURRENT_ROLE CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE CURRENT_USER CURSOR CURSOR_NAME CYCLE DATA DATABASE DATABASES DATE DATETIME DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION DAY DAY_HOUR DAY_MICROSECOND DAY_MINUTE DAY_SECOND DAYOFMONTH DAYOFWEEK DAYOFYEAR DBCC DEALLOCATE DEC DECIMAL DECLARE DEFAULT DEFAULTS DEFERRABLE DEFERRED DEFINED DEFINER DEGREE DELAY_KEY_WRITE DELAYED DELETE DELIMITER DELIMITERS DENSE_RANK DENY DEPTH DEREF DERIVED DESC DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR DESTROY DESTRUCTOR DETERMINISTIC DIAGNOSTICS DICTIONARY DISABLE DISCONNECT DISK DISPATCH DISTINCT DISTINCTROW DISTRIBUTED DIV DO DOMAIN DOUBLE DROP DUAL DUMMY DUMP DYNAMIC DYNAMIC_FUNCTION DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE EACH ELEMENT ELSE ELSEIF ENABLE ENCLOSED ENCODING ENCRYPTED END END-EXEC ENUM EQUALS ERRLVL ESCAPE ESCAPED EVERY EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXCLUDE EXCLUDING EXCLUSIVE EXEC EXECUTE EXISTING EXISTS EXIT EXP EXPLAIN EXTERNAL EXTRACT FALSE FETCH FIELDS FILE FILLFACTOR FILTER FINAL FIRST FLOAT FLOAT4 FLOAT8 FLOOR FLUSH FOLLOWING FOR FORCE FOREIGN FORTRAN FORWARD FOUND FREE FREETEXT FREETEXTTABLE FREEZE FROM FULL FULLTEXT FUNCTION FUSION G GENERAL GENERATED GET GLOBAL GO GOTO GRANT GRANTED GRANTS GREATEST GROUP GROUPING HANDLER HAVING HEADER HEAP HIERARCHY HIGH_PRIORITY HOLD HOLDLOCK HOST HOSTS HOUR HOUR_MICROSECOND HOUR_MINUTE HOUR_SECOND IDENTIFIED IDENTITY IDENTITY_INSERT IDENTITYCOL IF IGNORE ILIKE IMMEDIATE IMMUTABLE IMPLEMENTATION IMPLICIT IN INCLUDE INCLUDING INCREMENT INDEX INDICATOR INFILE INFIX INHERIT INHERITS INITIAL INITIALIZE INITIALLY INNER INOUT INPUT INSENSITIVE INSERT INSERT_ID INSTANCE INSTANTIABLE INSTEAD INT INT1 INT2 INT3 INT4 INT8 INTEGER INTERSECT INTERSECTION INTERVAL INTO INVOKER IS ISAM ISNULL ISOLATION ITERATE JOIN K KEY KEY_MEMBER KEY_TYPE KEYS KILL LANCOMPILER LANGUAGE LARGE LAST LAST_INSERT_ID LATERAL LEADING LEAST LEAVE LEFT LENGTH LESS LEVEL LIKE LIMIT LINENO LINES LISTEN LN LOAD LOCAL LOCALTIME LOCALTIMESTAMP LOCATION LOCATOR LOCK LOGIN LOGS LONG LONGBLOB LONGTEXT LOOP LOW_PRIORITY LOWER M MAP MATCH MATCHED MAX MAX_ROWS MAXEXTENTS MAXVALUE MEDIUMBLOB MEDIUMINT MEDIUMTEXT MEMBER MERGE MESSAGE_LENGTH MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH MESSAGE_TEXT METHOD MIDDLEINT MIN MIN_ROWS MINUS MINUTE MINUTE_MICROSECOND MINUTE_SECOND MINVALUE MLSLABEL MOD MODE MODIFIES MODIFY MODULE MONTH MONTHNAME MORE MOVE MULTISET MUMPS MYISAM NAME NAMES NATIONAL NATURAL NCHAR NCLOB NESTING NEW NEXT NO NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG NOAUDIT NOCHECK NOCOMPRESS NOCREATEDB NOCREATEROLE NOCREATEUSER NOINHERIT NOLOGIN NONCLUSTERED NONE NORMALIZE NORMALIZED NOSUPERUSER NOT NOTHING NOTIFY NOTNULL NOWAIT NULL NULLABLE NULLIF NULLS NUMBER NUMERIC OBJECT OCTET_LENGTH OCTETS OF OFF OFFLINE OFFSET OFFSETS OIDS OLD ON ONLINE ONLY OPEN OPENDATASOURCE OPENQUERY OPENROWSET OPENXML OPERATION OPERATOR OPTIMIZE OPTION OPTIONALLY OPTIONS OR ORDER ORDERING ORDINALITY OTHERS OUT OUTER OUTFILE OUTPUT OVER OVERLAPS OVERLAY OVERRIDING OWNER PACK_KEYS PAD PARAMETER PARAMETER_MODE PARAMETER_NAME PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA PARAMETERS PARTIAL PARTITION PASCAL PASSWORD PATH PCTFREE PERCENT PERCENT_RANK PERCENTILE_CONT PERCENTILE_DISC PLACING PLAN PLI POSITION POSTFIX POWER PRECEDING PRECISION PREFIX PREORDER PREPARE PREPARED PRESERVE PRIMARY PRINT PRIOR PRIVILEGES PROC PROCEDURAL PROCEDURE PROCESS PROCESSLIST PUBLIC PURGE QUOTE RAID0 RAISERROR RANGE RANK RAW READ READS READTEXT REAL RECHECK RECONFIGURE RECURSIVE REF REFERENCES REFERENCING REGEXP REGR_AVGX REGR_AVGY REGR_COUNT REGR_INTERCEPT REGR_R2 REGR_SLOPE REGR_SXX REGR_SXY REGR_SYY REINDEX RELATIVE RELEASE RELOAD RENAME REPEAT REPEATABLE REPLACE REPLICATION REQUIRE RESET RESIGNAL RESOURCE RESTART RESTORE RESTRICT RESULT RETURN RETURNED_CARDINALITY RETURNED_LENGTH RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH RETURNED_SQLSTATE RETURNS REVOKE RIGHT RLIKE ROLE ROLLBACK ROLLUP ROUTINE ROUTINE_CATALOG ROUTINE_NAME ROUTINE_SCHEMA ROW ROW_COUNT ROW_NUMBER ROWCOUNT ROWGUIDCOL ROWID ROWNUM ROWS RULE SAVE SAVEPOINT SCALE SCHEMA SCHEMA_NAME SCHEMAS SCOPE SCOPE_CATALOG SCOPE_NAME SCOPE_SCHEMA SCROLL SEARCH SECOND SECOND_MICROSECOND SECTION SECURITY SELECT SELF SENSITIVE SEPARATOR SEQUENCE SERIALIZABLE SERVER_NAME SESSION SESSION_USER SET SETOF SETS SETUSER SHARE SHOW SHUTDOWN SIGNAL SIMILAR SIMPLE SIZE SMALLINT SOME SONAME SOURCE SPACE SPATIAL SPECIFIC SPECIFIC_NAME SPECIFICTYPE SQL SQL_BIG_RESULT SQL_BIG_SELECTS SQL_BIG_TABLES SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS SQL_LOG_OFF SQL_LOG_UPDATE SQL_LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES SQL_SELECT_LIMIT SQL_SMALL_RESULT SQL_WARNINGS SQLCA SQLCODE SQLERROR SQLEXCEPTION SQLSTATE SQLWARNING SQRT SSL STABLE START STARTING STATE STATEMENT STATIC STATISTICS STATUS STDDEV_POP STDDEV_SAMP STDIN STDOUT STORAGE STRAIGHT_JOIN STRICT STRING STRUCTURE STYLE SUBCLASS_ORIGIN SUBLIST SUBMULTISET SUBSTRING SUCCESSFUL SUM SUPERUSER SYMMETRIC SYNONYM SYSDATE SYSID SYSTEM SYSTEM_USER TABLE TABLE_NAME TABLES TABLESAMPLE TABLESPACE TEMP TEMPLATE TEMPORARY TERMINATE TERMINATED TEXT TEXTSIZE THAN THEN TIES TIME TIMESTAMP TIMEZONE_HOUR TIMEZONE_MINUTE TINYBLOB TINYINT TINYTEXT TO TOAST TOP TOP_LEVEL_COUNT TRAILING TRAN TRANSACTION TRANSACTION_ACTIVE TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK TRANSFORM TRANSFORMS TRANSLATE TRANSLATION TREAT TRIGGER TRIGGER_CATALOG TRIGGER_NAME TRIGGER_SCHEMA TRIM TRUE TRUNCATE TRUSTED TSEQUAL TYPE UESCAPE UID UNBOUNDED UNCOMMITTED UNDER UNDO UNENCRYPTED UNION UNIQUE UNKNOWN UNLISTEN UNLOCK UNNAMED UNNEST UNSIGNED UNTIL UPDATE UPDATETEXT UPPER USAGE USE USER USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA USING UTC_DATE UTC_TIME UTC_TIMESTAMP VACUUM VALID VALIDATE VALIDATOR VALUE VALUES VAR_POP VAR_SAMP VARBINARY VARCHAR VARCHAR2 VARCHARACTER VARIABLE VARIABLES VARYING VERBOSE VIEW VOLATILE WAITFOR WHEN WHENEVER WHERE WHILE WIDTH_BUCKET WINDOW WITH WITHIN WITHOUT WORK WRITE WRITETEXT X509 XOR YEAR YEAR_MONTH ZEROFILL ZONE ``` [simon]: https://www.simonholywell.com/?utm_source=sqlstyle.guide&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=md-document "SimonHolywell.com" [issue]: https://github.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/issues "SQL style guide issues on GitHub" [fork]: https://github.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/fork "Fork SQL style guide on GitHub" [pull]: https://github.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/pulls/ "SQL style guide pull requests on GitHub" [celko]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0120887975/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=treffynnon-20&linkId=9c88eac8cd420e979675c815771313d5 "Joe Celko's SQL Programming Style (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems)" [dl-md]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/treffynnon/sqlstyle.guide/gh-pages/_includes/sqlstyle.guide.md "Download the guide in Markdown format" [iso-8601]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601 "Wikipedia: ISO 8601" [rivers]: http://practicaltypography.com/one-space-between-sentences.html "Practical Typography: one space between sentences" [reserved-keywords]: #reserved-keyword-reference "Reserved keyword reference" [eav]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93attribute%E2%80%93value_model "Wikipedia: Entity–attribute–value model" [sqlstyleguide]: http://www.sqlstyle.guide "SQL style guide by Simon Holywell" [licence]: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"